Is it possible to borrow energy from an empty space? And if yes, do we have to give it back? Energy values smaller than zero are allowed – at least within certain limits.
Energy is a quantity that must always be positive – at least that’s what our intuition tells us. If every single particle is removed from a certain volume until there is nothing left that could possibly carry energy, then a limit has been reached. Or has it? Is it still possible to extract energy even from empty space?
Quantum physics has shown time and again that it contradicts our intuition – and this is also true in this case. Under certain conditions, negative energies are allowed, at least in a certain range of space and time. An international research team at the TU Vienna, the Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium), and the IIT Kanpur (India) have now investigated the extent to which negative energy is possible. It turns out that no matter which quantum theories are considered, no matter what symmetries are assumed to hold in the universe, there are always certain limits to “borrowing” energy. Locally, the energy can be less than zero, but like money borrowed from a bank, this energy must be “paid back” in the end.
Repulsive Gravity
“In the theory of general relativity, we usually assume that the energy is greater than zero, at all times and everywhere in the universe,” says Prof. Daniel Grumiller from the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the TU Wien (Vienna). This has a very important consequence for gravity: Energy is linked to mass via the formula E=mc². Negative energy would therefore also mean negative mass. Positive masses attract each other, but with a negative mass, gravity could suddenly become a repulsive force.
Quantum theory, however, allows negative energy. “According to quantum physics, it is possible to borrow energy from a vacuum at a certain location, like money from a bank,” says Daniel Grumiller. “For a long time, we did not know about the maximum amount of this kind of energy credit and about possible interest rates that have to be paid. Various assumptions about this “interest” (known in the literature as “Quantum Interest”) have been published, but no comprehensive result has been agreed upon.
The so-called “Quantum Null Energy Condition” (QNEC), which was proven in 2017, prescribes certain limits for the “borrowing” of energy by linking relativity theory and quantum physics: An energy smaller than zero is thus permitted, but only in a certain range and only for a certain time. How much energy can be borrowed from a vacuum before the energetic credit limit has been exhausted depends on a quantum physical quantity, the so-called entanglement entropy.
“In a certain sense, entanglement entropy is a measure of how strongly the behavior of a system is governed by quantum physics,” says Daniel Grumiller. “If quantum entanglement plays a crucial role at some point in space, for example, close to the edge of a black hole, then a negative energy flow can occur for a certain time, and negative energies become possible in that region.”
Grumiller was now able to generalize these special calculations together with Max Riegler and Pulastya Parekh. Max Riegler completed his dissertation in the research group of Daniel Grumiller at the TU Wien and is now working as a postdoc at Harvard. Pulastya Parekh from the IIT in Kanpur (India) was a guest at the Erwin Schrödinger Institute and at the TU Wien.
“All previous considerations have always referred to quantum theories that follow the symmetries of Special Relativity. But we have now been able to show that this connection between negative energy and quantum entanglement is a much more general phenomenon,” says Grumiller. The energy conditions that clearly prohibit the extraction of infinite amounts of energy from a vacuum are valid for very different quantum theories, regardless of symmetries.
The law of energy conservation cannot be outwitted
Of course, this has nothing to do with mystical “over unity machines” that allegedly generate energy out of nothing, as they are repeatedly presented in esoteric circles. “The fact that nature allows an energy smaller than zero for a certain period of time at a certain place does not mean that the law of conservation of energy is violated,” stresses Daniel Grumiller. “In order to enable negative energy flows at a certain location, there must be compensating positive energy flows in the immediate vicinity.”
Even if the matter is somewhat more complicated than previously thought, energy cannot be obtained from nothing, even though it can become negative. The new research results now place tight bounds on negative energy, thereby connecting it with the quintessential properties of quantum mechanics.
Reference: “Local Quantum Energy Conditions in Non-Lorentz-Invariant Quantum Field Theories” by Daniel Grumiller, Pulastya Parekh and Max Riegler, 20 September 2019, Physical Review Letters.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.121602
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I am not a physicist. I only have an math undergraduate degree understanding of the things I read here. That said, it appears to me that whatever constraints exist on some entirely common sense issue can be ignored if I just say, those constraints are removed if I consider the issue at the quantum level. Therefore just about everything is possible. Thanks Quantum physics.
Unlike mass, energy can produce an attractive or repulsive gravity depending on whether the energy pressure is positive or negative. The vacuum energy, in theory, has negative energy pressure, The problem with modern gravity theory is ‘gravity’ in space can be viewed as a physical action created by a physical thing called ” The Expanding Void”. Imagery of a round sphere embedded at the central mass of an expanding matter universe that is expanding into an idle space condition.
Known in The Quanta Physics Theeeeory, space expansion is dubbed from an expanding universe theory illustrated by Erwin Hubble’s research show an expanding universe entailed in three parts. 1) idle space. The condition of a reactive material or element that allows the interaction of primeval forces. 2) The material universe. That part of the universe all made up of all matter existing throughout the project universe. 3) An expanding void. A physical deity evolving mid-center the universe causing it to grow or expand.
Setting aside the factual basis of this expanding bubble as it has been called the void is reverse vacuum compression of the fifth element. Amongst the five primeval five elements, it is space in a concentrated form caused by the explosion known to us as the big bang event. Its cause is the effect of an empty vacuum effect suppressed by reverse engineering formed in the aftermath of creation.
Modernized Space Gravity Principles
The definition of Space Gravity is a repulsing force and does not include in any way or form having to do attraction as modern physics of nineteenth-century science explains it.
As a reverse-vacuum gravity force in nature act in relationship with space expansion theory that relativity asserts as a material attractive force having the same principles as earth gravity.
resistivity gravity
noun [ U ] physics
…………………….
Meaning: space is a reverse-vacuum ‘resistivity’ surface activity including its effects on objective propulsion in measurable units of the electrical resistance of the universe’s space in relationship to the engaged resistivity type long-distance acceleration of a spacecraft in the cosmos. Because space acts as a reverse vacuum repulse force theory that allows the faster than light space travel as a standard warp drive that are explained in the actual Quanta Physics Theory by Rodney Kawecki.
This paper shows a limit at where the universe could start to have repulsive gravity. https://vixra.org/pdf/1912.0126v4.pdf
Oh yeah……Gravity is an empty vacuum. Einsteins idea about particle interaction in midfield darkfield.., you should know is pressure. These
are the facts.
No one believes in emptiness. Its called space vaca’.
Particles travel around in it – possibly.